The Point Nepean Forts pages are taken from:

POINT NEPEAN FORTS, CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN, Parks Victoria, July 2006 (Available from the Parks Victoria website HERE)

As regards Section E. General History:

This document was based on the Conservation Plans for the Point Nepean National Park Fortifications (L. Honman, 1990) and Gun Emplacement No. 1 (D Wixted and S Balderstone 1988) for the Historic Buildings Branch, Ministry Of Housing and Construction, reviewed and updated for currency by Parks Victoria at the time of creation of the new and expanded Point Nepean National Park in 2005.

The general history of the fortifications included in the 1990 document was researched and written by F. O’Neill for the Bicentennial Project’s interpretation plan, with additional original research by Mr. Michael Kitson MCSD FSG.

1. G. Serle. The Rush to be Rich. (Melbourne, 1971), p.202; Sentinel (Queenscliff) 27 July 1889.

2. J. Tate A History of Fort Queenscliff in the Context of Port Phillip Defences. (Queenscliff, 1982) pp.1-14.

3. J.M. Templeton. ‘History of the Victorian Defence Force, Part I’. United Service Institution of Victoria Journal , 3, 4, September 1894, pp.3-31; Serle, The Golden Age, p.161.

4. 31 December 1853.

5. T.Millar ‘History of the Defence Forces of the Port Phillip District, Colony of Victoria, 1836-1900’. (M.A. Thesis, University of Melbourne, 1957).

6. Defences of the Colony: Report of Captain Scratchley, R E.(Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1860, Vol.2, No.2).

7. Defences: Preliminary Report, 1977 (Victorian Parliamentary Papers 1877 Vol 2, No.46).

8. Major-General E. Harding Steward, Confidential memorandum, November 1884,pp. 1, 16, in Australian Archives, Brighton. MP. 106 1884-1/2/1/1.) quoted by Winty Calder Australian Aldershot (Melbourne 1987), p.iv.

9. Tate p. 10.

10. Argus 8 February 1883.

11. Serle, The Rush to be Rich, p.202.

12. Tate p. 17; M. Kitson “Australia: the South Channel Defences at Port Phillip: Factors in the Design, 1876-1909′, Fort, 15, 1987, pp.105-134.

13. Quoted by Tate, p.5.

14. Sanatory Station Annual report 1876; Australian Archives CRS B3712 Folder 14, Details of Framing for Jetty for Defence Purposes, Point Nepean 2/11/1878.

15. Victorian Year Book 1880-81 p.12 and Reserve Branch Files Summary of Works at Point Nepean; Australian Archives B.3712 Folder 14; Contracts Reserve Branch Files. Summary of works. see also PWD Contracts 81.2/125.

16. PWD Contract 82.3/39 from Reserve Branch File Summary of Works.

17. PWD Contract 1884.5.

18. cited by Kitson, ‘The Defence of South Channel, Port Phillip, Victoria, 1876-1906’, 1985. (Manuscript in the possession of the Author).

19. Reserve Branch Files and PWD Contract 87.8/42;PWD Contract 88.9 and 89.90/112

20. The Hydro-pneumatic “disappearing” mounting was developed at Sir William Armstrong’s Elswick Works in Britain. M. Kitson Notes for Guides : Port Phillip Defences, South Channel Fort (Melbourne, 1987) 4.8. Return of Heavy BL Guns on Military Charge in the Colony of Victoria, 1891 (Australian Archives, A.C.T. CRS A1194 Item 45.30).

21. R. Hyslop. ‘War Scares in Australia in the Nineteenth Century’, Victorian Historical Journal, 47, 1976, pp 23-44.

22. Age 2 July 1888; Argus 2 July 1888.

23. 2 July 1888.

24. Argus, 5 July 1888.

25. R. Harding ‘History of Guns’. (Australian Archives, A.C.T. CRS A 1194 Item 45.30.27790).

26. Sentinel 27 July 1889. It is believed that further shots were fired during World War II (personal communication, Mr Bill Goodall).

27. Problems of Great Britain. (London, 1890), p.649 cited by Kitson, ‘Australia: the South Channel Defences at Port Phillip’, p.105.

28. M. Kitson Notes for Guides, 4.8.

29. Ibid, 4.11.

30. 9 Feb 1889.

31. G. Vazenry ‘Military Forces of Victoria, 18571967’, pp 15-45.

32. Kitson, Notes for Guides, 5.8.

33. Argus 2 July 1888

34. Tate, p.47.

35. Templeton p.26;,@@ 18 April 1881;Age 16 April 1881.

36. Templeton p. 26; Age 18 April 1881;Argus 18 Apri1 1881.

37. e.g. Australasian 18 April 1903

38. Serle John Monash (Melbourne, 1982), p.64.

39. Ibid p. 169.

40. A.M. Robertson War in Port Phillip. (Sorrento, 1968).

41. Tate p. 64.

42. E. Scott Australia During the War (Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, vol . XI) (Sydney, 1936) p. 36-7; Robertson, p.3.

43. Fort Critic 10 July 1916.

44. Ibid.

45. Fort Critic 17 June 1916.

46. Tate p.118.

47. Tate P.120.

48. Proposed Point Nepean National Park Concept Plan. (Melbourne, 1987); Fort Record Book 31 July 1944 Preface.

49. Robertson p.4.

50. G.H.Warr ‘Notes on Point Nepean’ (Manuscript in the possession of the Nepean Historical Society).

51. Welch, Hell to Health, p.85.